Data Carving: This technique involves searching for files based on their unique signatures, even if their headers or footers are missing. Forensic analysts can use this to recover files that were partially or fully deleted.
• File Fragmentation: Sometimes, deleted files are fragmented across the storage device. Data fragmentation analysis helps a forensic expert reassemble these fragments and recover the original files.
• Encrypted Data Analysis: With the increasing use of encryption, an analyst’s ability to work with encrypted data is paramount. Analysts must understand different encryption methods and know how to access or decrypt data legally.
• Memory Analysis: Data isn’t only stored on disk. A significant amount of evidence can also be found in a system’s volatile memory (RAM)
. Memory analysis tools such as Volatility can help uncover running processes, login credentials, and other important data that doesn’t reside on the file system.

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